Seed inoculation is a proven technique that enhances crop productivity by introducing beneficial microbes directly onto seeds before planting. This biological process improves nutrient uptake, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, and stimulates early root development. Inoculants typically include rhizobia for legumes or phosphate-solubilizing bacteria like Penicillium bilaiae for various crops. Seed inoculation promotes symbiotic relationships, boosts germination rates, and increases resistance to soil-borne pathogens. It’s an affordable, eco-friendly practice suitable for both conventional an